Learning Chemistry

The term antibiotics is a broad one , defined by Waksman as, "a substance produced by microorganisms , which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other microorganisms by the action of very small amounts of the antibiotics " . Approximately 3000 substances come under the classification , but only 70 have the necessary combination of patient safety , antimicrobial action and stability. Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, cephalosporins are among the most widely used. Penicillin : A number of penicillin, differing only in the composition of the R ( alkyl ) group, have been isolated from natural media and hundreds have been semi-synthesized . Penicillin G USP, with benzyl for R group, generally the most desirable , is the type commercially available , usually combined in salt form with procaine or potassium.  It is possible to assist the synthesis of a desired penicillin by supplying the appropriate precursor to the culture i.e., the acid of

Antipyretic Analgesics: Salicylates     ( e.g. Aspirin, Methyl salicylates ) Acetanalide ( e.g. Paracetamol , known in the US as acetaminophen or simply APAP ) Anthranilic acid derivatives ( e.g. Ponstan )  Opioid drugs such as morphine and oxycodone  Salicylates: Salicylic acid it self used as potent analgesic but has gastric irritation so the derivative of salicylic acid are produced to reduce the gastric toxicity . Derivative of salicylic acid are the salts of carboxyl group as well as acetyl derivative of salicylic acid. Aspirin ( Acetyl salicylic acid , Dispirin ) Methyl salicylates ( Wintogeno balm ) Aspirin: ( Acetyl Salicylic acid ) Brand name : Dispirin Active Ingredient : Aspirin IUPAC name : Methyl 2- hydroxybenzoate Molecular formula : C 8 H 8 O 3 Structural formula of Dispirin : Aspirin + Na -citrate + NaHCO 3 Synthesis:retic analgesics                          To control the toxicity of Aspirin: To overcome the toxicity , prepare the salt

DRUGS and PHARMACEUTICALS Analgesic Drugs                 An analgesic or pain killer is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia , relief from pain. The English word for pain is derived form the old French word 'piene' , Latin word 'poene' and Ancient Greek word 'poine'. Causes Of Pain: Following can be the reasons for any kind of pain; Stress Tension  Coldness Lack of Oxygen Hotness Carrying heavy loads  Definition Of Analgesics             These are the class of compounds which relief the pain without the production of unconsciousness.  There action may  Peripheral  Central  Peripheral + Central  Classification On The Basis Of Cause Of Pain  On the basis of cause of pain the compounds are classified the following two classes   True Analgesics: Those compounds which relief the pain may or may not be affecting the cause of pain called True Analgesics.    False Analgesics : Those compounds which reli